Articles in TynBul 52.1 (May.2001)

1 THESSALONIANS 2:14-16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM
Markus BOCKMUEHL (Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge)

Decades of interpretative controversy have failed to provide a satisfactory explanation of what Judaean events, if any, might have occasioned St Paul's bitter invective in 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16. After re-examining the familiar arguments by B.A. Pearson and others for a non-Pauline interpolation, this study questions the widespread assumption that Jewish persecution of Christians cannot be substantiated prior to the first Jewish War. Rehearsing the evidence for hostile measures against Jewish believers c. AD 36 and again under Agrippa I in 41/42, the argument turns to the neglected suggestion by the sixth-century chronicler Malalas of Antioch that a further persecution of the Jerusalem church took place 'in the eighth year of Claudius' (AD 48/49). Such a course of events during the notorious procuratorship of Ventidius Cumanus would shed light not only on 1 Thessalonians 2, but possibly also on the setting of Galatians. In any case, both Josephus and rabbinic literature indicate that the death of Agrippa I was widely perceived as the beginning of a disastrous downturn in Jewish fortunes, to which Paul may be alluding in v. 17. Ironically, a number of these points were familiar to scholars in the 18th and 19th centuries, but seem since then to have been forgotten.

THE IMPLIED ETHICS OF THE FOURTH GOSPEL: A REINTERPRETATION OF THE DECALOGUE
Jey J. KANAGARAJ (Union Biblical Seminary, India)

Despite the lack of explicit and detailed ethical teachings in the Fourth Gospel, it seems that the Jewish ethics embodied in the Decalogue under-gird John's presentation of the Gospel. The words 'keep my command-ments', used by Jesus in the Fourth Gospel, give us the key for under-standing the implied ethics of the Fourth Gospel. An analysis of John's Gospel shows that its author reflects the Decalogue in various parts of the Gospel. We have evidence that John reinterprets the commandments positively and redemptively by focussing on Jesus as the one who fulfils the commandments and who enables those who believe in him to fulfil them. Such an interpretation of Yahweh's commandments, which can be identified as Jesus' commandments in the Gospel, cannot simply be dismissed as accidental but rather reflects a conscious reinterpretation of the Law.

THE STRANDS OF WISDOM TRADITION IN INTERTESTAMENTAL JUDAISM: ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS
Cornelis BENNEMA (London Bible College)

The Jewish wisdom corpus tends to receive a different treatment from OT and NT scholars. Whereas OT scholars tend to shy away from any schematisation due to the complexity of the wisdom tradition, NT scholars do not always perceive sufficiently the distinctions within the wisdom material. This article will attempt to create a balance between these two positions. We will elucidate the intertestamental Jewish sapiential tradition, and identify four strands-the Torah-centred, the Spirit-centred, the Apocalyptic and the Qumranian wisdom tradition-which are rooted in the OT. Moreover, this article will show the origins, developments and main characteristics of these four strands of Jewish wisdom tradition.

INNOCENT SUFFERING IN EGYPT
Daniel P. BRICKER (Azusa Pacific University, Azusa)

There are many studies exploring the idea of innocent suffering and the concept of theodicy as it occurs in the literature of ancient Mesopotamia and Israel, but this is not so much the case with ancient Egyptian literature. This article will explore this matter in regard to ancient Egyptian documents. The point is to discover what factors in Egyptian culture led to the exclusion of theodicy and the idea of innocent suffering from their world view and literature.

1 CORINTHIANS 7 IN THE LIGHT OF THE GRAECO-ROMAN MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE PAPYRI
David INSTONE-BREWER (Tyndale House, Cambridge)

The language and social background of 1 Corinthians 7 are compared with that of the Greek and Latin marriage and divorce papyri. These papyri are found to be particularly useful for illuminating the issue of divorce-by-separation, which Paul appears to be combating in vv. 10-15. They also give insights into Paul's unusual use of aphiémi for 'divorce', and the curious absence of teaching about remarriage in this chapter. Paul is found to have a positive approach to marriage, emphasising the commitment it involves, while warning that bringing up a family was difficult at the present time of famine.

SHOULD THE HOLOCAUST FORCE US TO RETHINK OUR VIEW OF GOD AND EVIL?
John J. JOHNSON (Wilmingham, Delaware)

This paper grapples with the impact the Holocaust has had on Jewish-Christian relations, and comes to the conclusion that the problem of evil is an age-old dilemma for biblical theists, and does not take on special meaning in light of the Holocaust (even though that was indeed a horrific event). The Holocaust must be seen in proper perspective, alongside all the many other large-scale atrocities which have occurred throughout history. The Holocaust raises the same issues as are found in the Book of Job, though the proper response is not a radical rethinking of Christian theology but, as Job long ago discovered, a humble, biblical acceptance of the limits of human understanding when faced with apparently pointless suffering.

2 SAMUEL 8
Robert M. GOOD (Rhode Island)

2 Samuel 8 may reflect an inscription or text contemporary with the reign of King David. It has a number of features that could be explained if an inscription lay behind the biblical text, the most striking of which is its repetitive naming of the monarch, paralleling Darius' Behistun Inscription.

CORINTH IN THE FIRST CENTURY AD: THE SEARCH FOR ANOTHER CLASS
Dirk JONGKIND (St. Edmund's College, Cambridge)

A consideration of living spaces in ancient Corinth suggests that it is not possible to characterise its society as one made up merely of a very small number of élite alongside vast numbers of non-élite who were extremely poor. The variety of housing suggests the existence of another class.

TERMINOLOGICAL PATTERNS AND THE DIVINE EPITHET SHADDAI
W. WARNING (Schulzentrum Seminar Marienhöhe, Darmstadt)

By juxtaposing the first seven occurrences of the divine epithet Shaddai in Genesis and Exodus it becomes evident that they are both terminologically and thematically interrelated and culminate in Exodus 6:3.

Dissertation Summaries

RECONSTRUCTING THE DOCTRINE OF THE SUFFICIENCY OF SCRIPTURE
Timothy WARD (All Sainst Church, Crowborough)

Although the doctrine of the sufficiency of Scripture has been a central doctrine in Protestant orthodox theology, it is, along with the general Reformation principle of sola Scriptura, and confessions of related attributes of Scripture (clarity, perfection and necessity), regularly treated superficially in both scholarly and popular con-temporary writing. It is often rejected hastily, with little acknowledgement made of its fundamental place in Christian theology and belief both before and after the Reformation. It is often confessed unreflectively, without due recognition that it is a confession which must be argued for, and located carefully in relation to the fundamental trinitarian, christological and pneumatological doctrines of Christian theology.

Articles in TynBul 51.2 (Nov.2000)

Eschatology and Ethics: The Future of Israel and the Nations in Romans 15:1-13
Scott HAFEMANN (Wheaton College, Illinois)

This essay takes as its starting point the working hypothesis that Paul's argument in Romans 15:1-3, with its doxological focus, is determined by the Scripture cited therein, interpreted within its own canonical context. Rather than reinterpreting these texts christologically or ecclesiologically, the combination and sequence of quotes in 15:9-12 is shown to provide an outline of Paul's eschatology in which the future redemption of Israel and judgement of the nations is the content of the Church's hope and the foundation of her ethic of mutual acceptance.

Innocent Suffering in Mesopotamia
Daniel P. BRICKER (Azusa Pacific University, Azusa)

Recent discussion of Mesopotamian texts holds to the idea that theodicy is present in this literature. An examination of the material which takes into account the cultural and religious views prevalent at the time will call into question the validity of classifying certain documents as theodicy. This study will attempt to evaluate the application of the term theodicy to the pertinent literature recovered from Mesopotamia thus far.

The Better Resurrection (Heb. 11:35)
Gareth Lee Cockerill (Wesley Biblical Seminary, Jackson, MS)

This study demonstrates through a detailed study of Hebrews 11 that references to future resurrection (11:17-19 and 11:35) are of foundational importance to the structure and logic of the argument of the chapter, and thus to the faith encouraged by the author in this chapter. This further suggests that the common assumption that the resurrection of Christ was of no importance to the author of Hebrews is mistaken.

Ethics and the Perfect Moral Law
Harry BUNTING (University of Ulster )

This paper examines contemporary virtue ethics and the claim that Christian ethics is a virtue ethic. Three central theses are identified as being central to virtue ethics: a priority thesis, a perfectionist thesis and a communitarian thesis. It is argued that defences of the priority thesis­it best addresses the moral crisis in our society, it does justice to historical consciousness and it remedies the incompleteness in deontic ethics­are unconvincing. It is argued that virtue and moral perfection are best understood in terms of psychologically appropriate dispositions to act in accordance with moral principles. It is further argued that the communitarian thesis raises relativist difficulties and fails to do justice to the universal elements of morality. Each of these arguments is developed philosophically and the implications for Christian ethics are explored. In light of the theory of virtue sketched in the paper it is concluded that the independence thesis, upon which virtue ethics rests, is untenable and that an examination of the structure of the universal moral principles underlying the Christian faith remains the proper subject matter for Christian ethics.

The Critical and Dogmatic Agenda of Albert Schweitzer's The Quest of the Historical Jesus
S.J. GATHERCOLE (University of Aberdeen)

This article seeks to explore the twofold agenda of Schweitzer's The Quest for the Historical Jesus. The first element is well-known and obvious: Schweitzer's intention to put to death the 'liberal German' Jesus and to reinstate the true historical Jesus whose preaching and actions were wholly eschatological in orientation. The second element lies below the surface, and this article argues that Schweitzer structured the book around Reimarus, Strauss, Weiss and himself, as they aim to show the impossibility of maintaining Jesus' own dogmatic construction of eschatology in the modern era. It is also demonstrated (against some current understandings) that Schweitzer's reconstruction of Jesus' eschatology does not simply involve Jesus' belief in the end of the space-time universe.

The 'New' Roman Wife and 1 Timothy 2:9-15: The Search for a Sitz im Leben
Bruce W. WINTER (Tyndale House, Cambridge)

A challenging passage for exegetes and theologians alike is 1 Timothy 2:9-15. What has eluded the discussion has been the source of the image of the wife against which the passage is set. In this essay evidence will be presented which shows that the 'new' Roman wife was a contemporary perception which influenced this discussion. The evidence for her is threefold, viz., literary works, the poems of leading elegists of the era of the late Republic and early Empire, and the Augustan laws on marriage which aimed to rein in her promiscuous behaviour. This essay does not seek to comment on the passage as a whole but simply to highlight those sections where this background illuminates specific issues.

Haggai: Master Rhetorician
M.J. BODA (Canadian Theological Seminary, Saskatchewan)

Although the prophet among the Book of the Twelve with the fewest words, save Jonah, Haggai takes his place among the prophetic tradition as one of its greatest rhetoricians. Utilising historical critical techniques, past scholars have often explained literary features in Haggai as evidence of the compilation of various sources and forms. This article reconsiders this evidence and argues that the same evidence reveals creative rhetorical technique. Several instances of this technique are explored and this study reveals the prophet's sensitivity to influence the intended audience, creativity to sustain the audience's interest and delay tactics to produce greater impact on the audience. Some of the trends identified are traced to the prophetic tradition in general, others to the Persian Period prophetic tradition, while others are seen as unique to this book.

The Intertextual Relationship of Daniel 12:2 and Isaiah 26:19: Evidence from Qumran and the Greek Versions
Daniel P. BAILEY (North Park University, Chicago)

The language of 'awakening' from the sleep of death in Daniel 12:2 is apparently borrowed directly from Isaiah 26:19: 'Awake and shout for joy, you dwellers in the dust!' (MT). But while this echo has been recognised by scholars both ancient (Jerome) and modern, there remains a question about the underlying text. As M. Hengel has rightly noted, the verbal parallel is closer if we assume that the text of Isaiah 26:19 read by the author of Daniel contained not the hiphil imperative preserved in the MT, but the imperfect attested in 1QIsaa3 The verb forms in Daniel and Isaiah are then identical.

Dissertation Summaries

Jesus and Israel's Traditions of Judgment and Restoration
Steven M. BRYAN

If Jesus held a partially realised eschatology, it is unlikely that he would have done so in isolation from the concrete, this-worldly expectations of the eschaton which characterised Jewish eschatology in this period. In attempting to specify the degree to which Jesus' eschatology was realised, much scholarship in this century has assumed that if eschatological reality was present for Jesus it must have been abstract or spiritual. This study represents an advance over such approaches by considering Jesus' intentions in relation to key constitutional features of the eschaton within Jewish restorationism and shows that Jesus' eschatology was substantially though not completely realised.

Perceptions of Crucifixion among Jews and Christians in the Ancient World
David W. CHAPMAN

This thesis explores the perceptions of crucifixion among Jewish people in the period from Alexander the Great until Constantine. Earlier similar studies concentrate on Graeco-Roman literature or limit discussion to whether certain Jews favoured the penalty of crucifixion. This dissertation, in contrast, examines Jewish literature in order to demonstrate the range of early Jewish perceptions about crucifixion. Early Christianity reflects awareness of, and interaction with, these Jewish perceptions.

Presbuteroi Christianoi: Towards a Theory of Integrated Ministry
Stephen Richard NORTH

This thesis examines how words for Christian leaders of the New Testament period, such as apostle, elder, and so on, were understood by the writers and readers of the New Testament documents, by looking at their usage in contemporary literary and epigraphic sources from the perspective of an ancient historian. Although the need for such examination is placed in the context of various recent debates over such structures and church reunion (for example the Anglican and Catholic document on the authority of the Pope), it was not originally intended to delve into the murky depths of the continuation of apostolic authority after the original generation.